{"id":270856,"date":"2026-01-02T10:33:10","date_gmt":"2026-01-02T10:33:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hrodna.life\/?p=270856"},"modified":"2026-01-09T21:01:37","modified_gmt":"2026-01-09T18:01:37","slug":"shved-encyklapedyja","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hrodna.life\/2026\/01\/02\/shved-encyklapedyja\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0456 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0440 \u0412\u044f\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0430\u045e \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0434, \u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0437 \u0443\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0456\u0442\u044d\u0442\u0430, \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u045e \u044d\u043d\u0446\u044b\u043a\u043b\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0434\u044b\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0430 \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong><strong>\u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0456 \u0433\u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043a \u0456 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0440 \u0412\u044f\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0430\u045e \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0434 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u045e \u043a\u043d\u0456\u0433\u0443 \u00ab\u0413\u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u044f \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430. \u042d\u043d\u0446\u044b\u043a\u043b\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0434\u044b\u044f\u00bb, \u043f\u0440\u044b\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0433\u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0456 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u041d\u0451\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c. \u042d\u043d\u0446\u044b\u043a\u043b\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0434\u044b\u044f \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0437\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0447\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043c \u0443 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0456\u0456.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u041a\u043d\u0456\u0433\u0430 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\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043d\u0456\u0446\u044b \u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043b\u0456\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443. \u041a\u043d\u0456\u0433\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0456\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0432\u0435.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u041f\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/esw.uw.edu.pl\/pracownicy\/spis-pracownikow\/viachaslau-shved\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">\u0456\u043d\u0444\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u044b\u0456<\/a> \u045e\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0456\u0442\u044d\u0442\u0430, \u0412\u044f\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0430\u045e \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0443\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u044d\u0446\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u044b\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0456\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043a\u0456 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src=\"https:\/\/ru.hrodna.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/eng_pl_Gistoryja-Grodna-Jencyklapedyja-EBOOK-20823_1.webp\" alt class=\"wp-image-300837\" style=\"width:840px;height:auto\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u0412\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u043d\u0456\u0433\u0456. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u0430: wuw.pl<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-\u0433\u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043a-\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430-\u0456-\u045e\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0456\u0442\u044d\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f-\u043a\u0430\u0440-\u0435\u0440\u0430\"><strong>\u0413\u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043a \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0456 \u045e\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0456\u0442\u044d\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u2019\u0435\u0440\u0430<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0412\u044f\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0430\u045e \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0434 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\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c, \u0431\u044b\u045e \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0447\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0431\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0456 \u0440\u044d\u0433\u0456\u044f\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b\u0437\u043c\u0443.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0401\u043d \u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0456\u045e \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0430\u0446\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0434\u044b\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0446\u044b\u044e \u045e 1984 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435 \u0456 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u2014 \u0443 2001-\u043c, \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u044b\u044f\u043b\u0456\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0447\u044b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0456 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0456 XVIII\u2013XIX 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\u0413\u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u044f \u0435\u045e\u0440\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u00bb \u2014 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0448\u044b \u045e \u0411\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0456 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0456\u043a \u043f\u0430 \u0433\u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0456 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0440\u044d\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430, \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u00ab\u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u045e\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u00bb. \u0410\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0430 \u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u0433\u044d\u0442\u0430\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0456\u0433\u0456 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0440 \u0431\u044b\u045e \u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0437 \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u045e\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0456\u0442\u044d\u0442\u0430.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u041f\u0430\u0441\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0445\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043d\u0456\u0433\u0456 \u044f\u0435 \u0430\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0456\u043a\u0456 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0456 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0444\u0456\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b\u044f, \u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0440 \u0443 2013 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/ru.hrodna.life\/2022\/02\/22\/repressii-grdu\/\">\u0431\u044b\u045e \u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b<\/a> \u0437 \u0443\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0456\u0442\u044d\u0442\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0440 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u0456\u045e, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0456\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0442\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0440, \u0456 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0456\u045e \u0437 \u0430\u0434\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u043c \u043b\u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0430\u0456\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0433, \u0434\u0437\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0456\u045e \u0430\u0431 \u0434\u0430\u043f\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0437\u0435.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u00ab\u041c\u0430\u0451 \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u2019\u044f\u045e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0446\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0442\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0448\u044d\u043d\u043d\u0435\u043c \u2014 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0439 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043d\u0456\u0433\u0443 \u00ab\u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u045e\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0413\u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u044f \u0435\u045e\u0440\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u00bb. \u0413\u044d\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u043d\u0456\u0433\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0456\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0451\u0439 \u0456\u043d\u0456\u0446\u044b\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0435, \u044f \u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044b\u045e \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b\u045e \u0430\u045e\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u045e, \u043a\u0456\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u045e \u0456\u043c, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0456\u0441\u0430\u045e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u043a\u043d\u0456\u0433\u0456, \u0440\u044d\u0434\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0432\u0430\u045e \u044f\u0435\u00bb.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0428\u0432\u0435\u0434 \u0430\u0434\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u045e, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0456\u043a \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0447\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u045e\u0441\u044f \u045e \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0456\u043c \u0443\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0456\u0442\u044d\u0446\u0435, \u0430 \u0442\u0440\u044d\u0446\u044f\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0439\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u0430 \u0423\u0440\u043e\u0446\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u045e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0456 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u044d\u043c\u0456\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0443\u043a \u043f\u0430\u0441\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0430\u0433\u043e, \u044f\u043a \u0443 \u0430\u0431\u043b\u0432\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u045e\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0442\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0430\u0446\u044c \u0444\u0456\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435. \u041c\u044f\u0441\u0446\u043e\u0432\u044b\u044f \u045e\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b \u0442\u0430\u0434\u044b \u0430\u0431\u0432\u0456\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043b\u0456 \u044f\u0433\u043e \u045e \u00ab\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0456\u00bb \u043a\u043d\u0456\u0433\u0456. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u045e \u0430\u0431\u0432\u0456\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0447\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u043d\u0435\u0430\u0431\u0433\u0440\u0443\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0456 \u0456 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0440\u044d\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0432\u0430\u045e, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u045e \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0447\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043d\u0456\u0433\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0456\u043a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f-\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0430-\u0437\u0430-\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043c\u0456-\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0456\"><strong>\u041d\u0430\u0432\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043c\u0456 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0456<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u041f\u0430\u0441\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f, \u043f\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u045e \u0433\u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043a\u0430, \u0451\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0433\u0430\u0434\u044b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/ru\/%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C-%D0%B2-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5\/a-18857209\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">\u045e\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0446\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0443<\/a> \u045e \u0411\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0456. \u0423 2015 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435 \u045e \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0447\u044b \u0431\u044b\u045e \u0430\u0434\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b \u0426\u044d\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0456\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f\u045e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0456\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0443\u043a\u043e\u045e\u0446\u0430\u045e, \u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0442\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0445. \u041f\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0446\u044d\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0437\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0442\u0440\u044b\u043c\u043b\u0456\u0432\u0430\u0446\u044c \u041c\u0417\u0421 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0447\u044b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-data443-irp-shortcode irp-shortcode\"><div style=\"clear:both; margin-top:0em; margin-bottom:1em;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/hrodna.life\/2025\/12\/29\/hrodna-bijagrafija-vylic\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\" class=\"udd9234be425e00386328073ed018c76e\"><style> .udd9234be425e00386328073ed018c76e { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; 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\u044f\u0448\u0447\u044d:<\/span>&nbsp; <span class=\"postTitle\">\u0412\u044b\u0439\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u043d\u0456\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430 \u045e\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0436\u044b\u0442\u043d\u044b\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043c\u044b \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>\n<div id=\"hrodn-4226605890\" class=\"hrodn-after-content_2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/hrodna.life\/tax-support\/\" target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"\u0410\u0445\u0432\u044f\u0440\u0443\u0439 1,5% \u0430\u0434 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430\u045e \u0443 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0447\u044b\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hrodna.life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/banner-tax-15.webp\" alt=\"\u0410\u0445\u0432\u044f\u0440\u0443\u0439 1,5% \u0430\u0434 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430\u045e \u0443 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0447\u044b\"  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\u041d\u0451\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c. \u042d\u043d\u0446\u044b\u043a\u043b\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0434\u044b\u044f \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0437\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0447\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043c \u0443 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0456\u0456. \u041a\u043d\u0456\u0433\u0430 \u0430\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0456\u043a\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0446\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0446\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u045e\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u045e\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0456\u0442\u044d\u0442\u0430. \u0423 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u044b\u0456 \u0434\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0430\u0434\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0446\u0446\u0430, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u2014 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0434 \u0437 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